# Statements

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Statements are fragments of the C++ program that are executed in sequence. The body of any function is a sequence of statements. For example:

    int main()
    {
        int n = 1;                        // declaration statement
        n = n + 1;                        // expression statement
        std::cout << "n = " << n << '\n'; // expression statement
        return 0;                         // return statement
    }

C++ includes the following types of statements:

1) expression statements;
2) compound statements;
3) selection statements;
4) iteration statements;
5) jump statements;
6) declaration statements;
7) try blocks;
8) atomic and synchronized blocks (TM TS).

### Labels

Any statement can be labeled, by providing a label followed by a colon before the statement itself.

attr(optional) identifier `:` statement | (1) |
attr(optional) `case` constexpr `:` statement | (2) |
attr(optional) `default` `:` statement | (3) |

1) target for goto;
2) case label in a switch statement;
3) default label in a switch statement.

An attribute sequence attr may appear just before the label (in which case it applies to the label), or just before any statement itself, in which case it applies to the entire statement. A statement may carry multiple labels. Labels (and only labels) have function scope. Labels are ignored by unqualified lookup: a label can have the same name as any other entity in the program.

### Expression statements

An expression followed by a semicolon is a statement.

attr(optional) expression(optional) `;` | (1) |

attr(C++11) | - | optional sequence of any number of attributes
expression | - | an expression

Most statements in a typical C++ program are expression statements, such as assignments or function calls.

An expression statement without an expression is called a null statement. It is often used to provide an empty body to a for or while loop. It can also be used to carry a label in the end of a compound statement.

### Compound statements

Compound statements or blocks are brace-enclosed sequences of statements.

attr(optional) `{` statement...(optional) `}` | (1) |

When one statement is expected, but multiple statements need to be executed in sequence (for example, in an if statement or a loop), a compound statement may be used:

    if (x > 5)          // start of if statement
    {                   // start of block
        int n = 1;      // declaration statement
        std::cout << n; // expression statement
    }                   // end of block, end of if statement

Each compound statement introduces its own block scope; variables declared inside a block are destroyed at the closing brace in reverse order:

    int main()
    {
        {                                // start of block
            std::ofstream f("test.txt"); // declaration statement
            f << "abc\n";                // expression statement
        }                                // end of block: f is flushed and closed
        std::ifstream f("test.txt");
        std::string str;
        f >> str;
    }

### Selection statements

Selection statements choose between one of several flows of control.

attr(optional) `if` `(` condition `)` statement | (1) |
attr(optional) `if` `(` condition `)` statement `else` statement | (2) |
attr(optional) `switch` `(` condition `)` statement | (3) |

(until C++17)

attr(optional) `if` `constexpr`(optional) `(` init-statement(optional) condition `)` statement | (1) |
attr(optional) `if` `constexpr`(optional) `(` init-statement(optional) condition `)` statement `else` statement | (2) |
attr(optional) `switch` `(` init-statement(optional) condition `)` statement | (3) |

(since C++17)

1) if statement;
2) if statement with an else clause;
3) switch statement.

### Iteration statements

Iteration statements repeatedly execute some code.

attr(optional) `while` `(` condition `)` statement | (1) |
attr(optional) `do` statement `while` `(` expression `)` `;` | (2) |
attr(optional) `for` `(` init-statement condition(optional) `;` expression(optional) `)` statement | (3) |
attr(optional) `for` `(` for-range-decl `:` for-range-init `)` statement | (4) | (since C++11)

1) while loop;
2) do-while loop;
3) for loop;
4) range for loop.

### Jump statements

Jump statements unconditionally transfer flow control

attr(optional) `break` `;` | (1) |
attr(optional) `continue` `;` | (2) |
attr(optional) `return` expression(optional) `;` | (3) |
attr(optional) `return` braced-init-list `;` | (4) | (since C++11)
attr(optional) `goto` identifier `;` | (5) |

1) break statement;
2) continue statement;
3) return statement with an optional expression;
4) return statement using list initialization;
5) goto statement.

Note: for all jump statements, transfer out of a loop, out of a block, or back past an initialized variable with automatic storage duration involves the destruction of objects with automatic storage duration that are in scope at the point transferred from but not at the point transferred to. If multiple objects were initialized, the order of destruction is the opposite of the order of initialization.

### Declaration statements

Declaration statements introduce one or more identifiers into a block.

block-declaration `;` | (1) |

1) see Declarations and Initialization for details.

### Try blocks

Try blocks provide the ability to catch exceptions thrown when executing other statements.

attr(optional) `try` compound-statement handler-sequence | (1) |

1) see try/catch for details.

### Atomic and synchronized blocks

Atomic and synchronized blocks are used to implement transactional memory.

`synchronized` compound-statement | (1) | (TM TS)
`atomic_noexcept` compound-statement | (2) | (TM TS)
`atomic_cancel` compound-statement | (3) | (TM TS)
`atomic_commit` compound-statement | (4) | (TM TS)

1) synchronized block, executed in single total order with all synchronized blocks;
2) atomic block that aborts on exceptions;
3) atomic block that rolls back on exceptions;
4) atomic block that commits on exceptions.

(TM TS)

### See also

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