# placeholder type specifiers (since C++11)

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For variables, specifies that the type of the variable that is being declared will be automatically deduced from its initializer.

For functions, specifies that the return type will be deduced from its return statements. | (since C++14)

For non-type template parameters, specifies that the type will be deduced from the argument. | (since C++17)

### Syntax

auto | (1) | (since C++11)
decltype(auto) | (2) | (since C++14)
type-constraint auto | (3) | (since C++20)
type-constraint decltype(auto) | (4) | (since C++20)

type-constraint | - | a concept name, optionally qualified, optionally followed by a template argument list enclosed in <>

1,3) type is deduced using the rules for template argument deduction.
2,4) type is `decltype(e)`, where `e` is the initializer.

The placeholder auto may be accompanied by modifiers, such as const or &, which will participate in the type deduction. The placeholder decltype(auto) must be the the sole constituent of the declared type. (since C++14)

### Explanation

A placeholder type specifier may appear in the following contexts:

- in the type specifier of a variable: auto x = expr;. The type is deduced from the initializer.
  If the placeholder type specifier is `auto` or type-constraint `auto` (since C++20), the variable type is deduced from the initializer using the rules for template argument deduction from a function call (see template argument deduction#Other contexts for details).
  For example, given const auto& i = expr;, the type of `i` is exactly the type of the argument `u` in an imaginary template template<class U> void f(const U& u) if the function call f(expr) was compiled. Therefore, auto&& may be deduced either as an lvalue reference or rvalue reference according to the initializer, which is used in range-based for loop.

  If the placeholder type specifier is `decltype(auto)` or type-constraint `decltype(auto)` (since C++20), the deduced type is `decltype(e)`, where `e` is the initializer. | (since C++14)

  If the placeholder type specifier is used to declare multiple variables, the deduced types must match. For example, the declaration auto i = 0, d = 0.0; is ill-formed, while the declaration auto i = 0, *p = &i; is well-formed and the `auto` is deduced as int.

- in the type-id of a new expression. The type is deduced from the initializer. For `new T init` (where T contains a placeholder type, init is either a parenthesized initializer or a brace-enclosed initializer list), the type of T is deduced as if for variable x in the invented declaration T x init;.
- (since C++14) in the return type of a function or lambda expression: auto& f();. The return type is deduced from the operand of its non-discarded (since C++17) return statement.
  See function#Return_type_deduction.
- (since C++17) in the parameter declaration of a non-type template parameter: template<auto I> struct A;. Its type is deduced from the corresponding argument.

Furthermore, `auto` and type-constraint `auto` (since C++20) can appear in:

- the parameter declaration of a lambda expression: [](auto&&){}. Such lambda expression is a generic lambda.
- (since C++20) a function parameter declaration: void f(auto);. The function declaration introduces an abbreviated function template.

(since C++14)

If type-constraint is present, let `T` be the type deduced for the placeholder, `T` must satisfy the immediately-declared constraint of type-constraint. That is,

- If type-constraint is `Concept<A1, ..., An>`, then the constraint expression `Concept<T, A1, ..., An>` must be valid and return `true`;
- otherwise (type-constraint is `Concept` without an argument list), the constraint expression `Concept<T>` must be valid and return `true`.

(since C++20)

### Notes

Until C++11, auto had the semantic of a storage duration specifier.

Mixing `auto` variables and functions in one declaration, as in auto f() -> int, i = 0; is not allowed.

The auto specifier may also be used with a function declarator that is followed by a trailing return type, in which case the declared return type is that trailing return type (which may again be a placeholder type).

    auto (*p)() -> int; // declares p as pointer to function returning int
    auto (*q)() -> auto = p; // declares q as pointer to function returning T
                             // where T is deduced from the type of p

The auto specifier may also be used in a structured binding declaration. | (since C++17)

The auto keyword may also be used in a nested-name-specifier. A nested-name-specifier of the form auto:: is a placeholder that is replaced by a class or enumeration type following the rules for constrained type placeholder deduction. | (concepts TS)

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <utility>

    template<class T, class U>
    auto add(T t, U u) { return t + u; } // the return type is the type of operator+(T, U)

    // perfect forwarding of a function call must use decltype(auto)
    // in case the function it calls returns by reference
    template<class F, class... Args>
    decltype(auto) PerfectForward(F fun, Args&&... args)
    {
        return fun(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

    template<auto n> // C++17 auto parameter declaration
    auto f() -> std::pair<decltype(n), decltype(n)> // auto can't deduce from brace-init-list
    {
        return {n, n};
    }

    int main()
    {
        auto a = 1 + 2;            // type of a is int
        auto b = add(1, 1.2);      // type of b is double
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(a), int>);
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(b), double>);

        auto c0 = a;             // type of c0 is int, holding a copy of a
        decltype(auto) c1 = a;   // type of c1 is int, holding a copy of a
        decltype(auto) c2 = (a); // type of c2 is int&, an alias of a
        std::cout << "a, before modification through c2 = " << a << '\n';
        ++c2;
        std::cout << "a, after modification through c2 = " << a << '\n';

        auto [v, w] = f<0>(); //structured binding declaration

        auto d = {1, 2}; // OK: type of d is std::initializer_list<int>
        auto n = {5};    // OK: type of n is std::initializer_list<int>
    //  auto e{1, 2};    // Error as of C++17, std::initializer_list<int> before
        auto m{5};       // OK: type of m is int as of C++17, initializer_list<int> before
    //  decltype(auto) z = { 1, 2 } // Error: {1, 2} is not an expression

        // auto is commonly used for unnamed types such as the types of lambda expressions
        auto lambda = [](int x) { return x + 3; };

    //  auto int x; // valid C++98, error as of C++11
    //  auto x;     // valid C, error in C++
    }

Possible output:

    a, before modification through c2 = 3
    a, after modification through c2 = 4

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