# Date and time utilities

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< cpp

C++ includes support for two types of time manipulation:

- The `chrono` library, a flexible collection of types that track time with varying degrees of precision (e.g. std::chrono::time_point).
- C-style date and time library (e.g. std::time)

### `std::chrono` library

The `chrono` library defines three main types as well as utility functions and common typedefs.

- clocks
- time points
- durations

#### Clocks

A clock consists of a starting point (or epoch) and a tick rate. For example, a clock may have an epoch of January 1, 1970 and tick every second. C++ defines several clock types:

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
system_clock (C++11) | wall clock time from the system-wide realtime clock (class)
steady_clock (C++11) | monotonic clock that will never be adjusted (class)
high_resolution_clock (C++11) | the clock with the shortest tick period available (class)
is_clock is_clock_v (C++20) | determines if a type is a Clock (class template) (variable template)
utc_clock (C++20) | Clock for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (class)
tai_clock (C++20) | Clock for International Atomic Time (TAI) (class)
gps_clock (C++20) | Clock for GPS time (class)
file_clock (C++20) | Clock used for file time (typedef)
local_t (C++20) | pseudo-clock representing local time (class)

#### Time point

A time point is a duration of time that has passed since the epoch of a specific clock.

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
time_point (C++11) | a point in time (class template)
clock_time_conversion (C++20) | traits class defining how to convert time points of one clock to another (class template)
clock_cast (C++20) | convert time points of one clock to another (function template)

#### Duration

A duration consists of a span of time, defined as some number of ticks of some time unit. For example, "42 seconds" could be represented by a duration consisting of 42 ticks of a 1-second time unit.

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
duration (C++11) | a time interval (class template)

#### Time of day

`time_of_day` splits a duration representing time elapsed since midnight into hours, minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds, as applicable. It is primarily a formatting tool.

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
time_of_day (C++20) | represents a time of day (class template)

#### Calendar

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
last_spec (C++20) | tag class indicating the last day or weekday in a month (class)
day (C++20) | represents a day of a month (class)
month (C++20) | represents a month of a year (class)
year (C++20) | represents a year in the Gregorian calendar (class)
weekday (C++20) | represents a day of the week in the Gregorian calendar (class)
weekday_indexed (C++20) | represents the n-th `weekday` of a month (class)
weekday_last (C++20) | represents the last `weekday` of a month (class)
month_day (C++20) | represents a specific `day` of a specific `month` (class)
month_day_last (C++20) | represents the last day of a specific `month` (class)
month_weekday (C++20) | represents the n-th `weekday` of a specific `month` (class)
month_weekday_last (C++20) | represents the last `weekday` of a specific `month` (class)
year_month (C++20) | represents a specific `month` of a specific `year` (class)
year_month_day (C++20) | represents a specific `year`, `month`, and `day` (class)
year_month_day_last (C++20) | represents the last day of a specific `year` and `month` (class)
year_month_weekday (C++20) | represents the n-th `weekday` of a specific `year` and `month` (class)
year_month_weekday_last (C++20) | represents the last `weekday` of a specific `year` and `month` (class)
operator/ (C++20) | conventional syntax for Gregorian calendar date creation (function)

#### Time zone

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
tzdb (C++20) | describes a copy of the IANA time zone database (class)
tzdb_list (C++20) | represents a linked list of `tzdb` (class)
get_tzdb get_tzdb_list reload_tzdb remote_version (C++20) | accesses and controls the global time zone database information (function)
locate_zone (C++20) | locates a `time_zone` based on its name (function)
current_zone (C++20) | returns the current `time_zone` (function)
time_zone (C++20) | represents a time zone (class)
sys_info (C++20) | represents information about a time zone at a particular time point (class)
local_info (C++20) | represents information about a local time to UNIX time conversion (class)
choose (C++20) | selects how an ambiguous local time should be resolved (enum)
zoned_traits (C++20) | traits class for time zone pointers used by `zoned_time` (class template)
zoned_time (C++20) | represents a time zone and a time point (class)
leap (C++20) | contains information about a leap second insertion (class)
link (C++20) | represents an alternative name for a time zone (class)
nonexistent_local_time (C++20) | exception thrown to report that a local time is nonexistent (class)
ambiguous_local_time (C++20) | exception thrown to report that a local time is ambiguous (class)

#### `chrono` I/O

Defined in header `<chrono>`
Defined in namespace `std::chrono`
format (C++20) | formats a streamable `chrono` object for insertion (function template)
parse (C++20) | parses a `chrono` object from a stream (function template)

### C-style date and time library

Also provided are the C-style date and time functions, such as std::time_t, std::difftime, and CLOCKS_PER_SEC.

### Example

This example displays information about the execution time of a function call:

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <chrono>
    #include <ctime>

    long fibonacci(unsigned n)
    {
        if (n < 2) return n;
        return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2);
    }

    int main()
    {
        auto start = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
        std::cout << "f(42) = " << fibonacci(42) << '\n';
        auto end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();

        std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed_seconds = end-start;
        std::time_t end_time = std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(end);

        std::cout << "finished computation at " << std::ctime(&end_time)
                  << "elapsed time: " << elapsed_seconds.count() << "s\n";
    }

Possible output:

    f(42) = 267914296
    finished computation at Mon Oct  2 00:59:08 2017
    elapsed time: 1.88232s

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