# memmove, memmove_s

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< c‎ | string‎ | byte

Defined in header `<string.h>` |  |
void* memmove( void* dest, const void* src, size_t count ); | (1) |
errno_t memmove_s(void *dest, rsize_t destsz, const void *src, rsize_t count); | (2) | (since C11)

1) Copies `count` characters from the object pointed to by `src` to the object pointed to by `dest`. Both objects are interpreted as arrays of unsigned char. The objects may overlap: copying takes place as if the characters were copied to a temporary character array and then the characters were copied from the array to `dest`.
The behavior is undefined if access occurs beyond the end of the dest array. The behavior is undefined if either `dest` or `src` is a null pointer.
2) Same as (1), except when detecting the following errors at runtime, it zeroes out the entire destination range [dest, dest+destsz) (if both `dest` and `destsz` are valid) and calls the currently installed constraint handler function:

  - `dest` or `src` is a null pointer
  - `destsz` or `count` is greater than RSIZE_MAX
  - `count` is greater than `destsz` (buffer overflow would occur)

The behavior is undefined if the size of the character array pointed to by `dest` < `count` <= `destsz`; in other words, an erroneous value of `destsz` does not expose the impending buffer overflow.

  As with all bounds-checked functions, `memmove_s` is only guaranteed to be available if __STDC_LIB_EXT1__ is defined by the implementation and if the user defines __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ to the integer constant 1 before including `string.h`.

### Parameters

dest | - | pointer to the object to copy to
destsz | - | max number of bytes to modify in the destination (typically the size of the destination object)
src | - | pointer to the object to copy from
count | - | number of bytes to copy

### Return value

1) Returns a copy of `dest`
2) Returns zero on success and non-zero value on error. Also on error, if `dest` is not a null pointer and `destsz` is valid, writes `destsz` zero bytes in to the destination array.

### Notes

`memmove` may be used to set the effective type of an object obtained by an allocation function.

Despite being specified "as if" a temporary buffer is used, actual implementations of this function do not incur the overhead or double copying or extra memory. A common approach (glibc and bsd libc) is to copy bytes forwards from the beginning of the buffer if the destination starts before the source, and backwards from the end otherwise, with a fall back to the more efficient memcpy when there is no overlap at all.

Where strict aliasing prohibits examining the same memory as values of two different types, `memmove` may be used to convert the values.

### Example

Run this code

    #define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ 1
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdint.h>
    #include <inttypes.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>

    int main(void)
    {
        char str[] = "1234567890";
        puts(str);
        memmove(str+4, str+3, 3); // copy from [4,5,6] to [5,6,7]
        puts(str);

        // setting effective type of allocated memory to be int
        int *p = malloc(3*sizeof(int));   // allocated memory has no effective type
        int arr[3] = {1,2,3};
        memmove(p,arr,3*sizeof(int));     // allocated memory now has an effective type

        // reinterpreting data
        double d = 0.1;
    //    int64_t n = *(int64_t*)(&d); // strict aliasing violation
        int64_t n;
        memmove(&n, &d, sizeof d); // OK
        printf("%a is %" PRIx64 " as an int64_t\n", d, n);

    #ifdef __STDC_LIB_EXT1__
        set_constraint_handler_s(ignore_handler_s);
        char src[] = "aaaaaaaaaa";
        char dst[] = "xyxyxyxyxy";
        int r = memmove_s(dst,sizeof dst,src,5);
        printf("dst = \"%s\", r = %d\n", dst,r);
        r = memmove_s(dst,5,src,10);            //  count is greater than destsz
        printf("dst = \"");
        for(size_t ndx=0; ndx<sizeof dst; ++ndx) {
            char c = dst[ndx];
            c ? printf("%c", c) : printf("\\0");
        }
        printf("\", r = %d\n", r);
    #endif
    }

Possible output:

    1234567890
    1234456890
    0x1.999999999999ap-4 is 3fb999999999999a as an int64_t
    dst = "aaaaayxyxy", r = 0
    dst = "\0\0\0\0\0yxyxy", r = 22

### References

- C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

  - 7.24.2.2 The memmove function (p: 363)

  - K.3.7.1.2 The memmove_s function (p: 615)

- C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

  - 7.21.2.2 The memmove function (p: 326)

- C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

  - 4.11.2.2 The memmove function

### See also

memcpy memcpy_s (C11) | copies one buffer to another (function)
wmemmove wmemmove_s (C95)(C11) | copies a certain amount of wide characters between two, possibly overlapping, arrays (function)

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