# std::filesystem::create_hard_link

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< cpp‎ | filesystem

Defined in header `<filesystem>` |  |
void create_hard_link( const std::filesystem::path& target, const std::filesystem::path& link ); void create_hard_link( const std::filesystem::path& target, const std::filesystem::path& link, std::error_code& ec ) noexcept; |  | (since C++17)

Creates a hard link `link` with its target set to `target` as if by POSIX link(): the pathname `target` must exist.

Once created, `link` and `target` are two logical names that refer to the same file (they are `equivalent`). Even if the original name `target` is deleted, the file continues to exist and is accessible as `link`.

### Parameters

target | - | path of the file or directory to link to
link | - | path of the new hard link
ec | - | out-parameter for error reporting in the non-throwing overload

### Return value

(none)

### Exceptions

The overload that does not take a std::error_code& parameter throws `filesystem_error` on underlying OS API errors, constructed with `target` as the first path argument, `link` as the second path argument, and the OS error code as the error code argument. The overload taking a std::error_code& parameter sets it to the OS API error code if an OS API call fails, and executes ec.clear() if no errors occur. Any overload not marked `noexcept` may throw std::bad_alloc if memory allocation fails.

### Notes

Some operating systems do not support hard links at all or support them only for regular files.

Some file systems do not support hard links regardless of the operating system: the FAT file system used on memory cards and flash drives, for example.

Some file systems limit the number of links per file.

Hardlinking to directories is typically restricted to the superuser.

Hard links typically cannot cross filesystem boundaries.

The special pathname dot (".") is a hard link to its parent directory. The special pathname dot-dot ".." is a hard link to the directory that is the parent of its parent.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    #include <filesystem>
    namespace fs = std::filesystem;

    int main()
    {
        fs::create_directories("sandbox/subdir");
        std::ofstream("sandbox/a").put('a'); // create regular file
        fs::create_hard_link("sandbox/a", "sandbox/b");
        fs::remove("sandbox/a");
        // read from the original file via surviving hard link
        char c = std::ifstream("sandbox/b").get();
        std::cout << c << '\n';
        fs::remove_all("sandbox");
    }

Output:

    a

### See also

create_symlink create_directory_symlink (C++17)(C++17) | creates a symbolic link (function)
hard_link_count (C++17) | returns the number of hard links referring to the specific file (function)

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